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The Japanese diaspora, and its individual members known as , are Japanese emigrants from Japan and their descendants that reside in a foreign country. Emigration from Japan first happened and was recorded as early as the 12th century to the Philippines,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Philippines History, Culture, Civilization and Technology, Filipino )〕 but did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji Era, when Japanese began to go to the Philippines,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia )〕 North America, and beginning in 1897 with 35 emigrants to Mexico;〔Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Japan: (Japan-Mexico relations )〕 and later to Peru, beginning in 1899 with 790 emigrants.〔Palm, Hugo. ( "Desafíos que nos acercan," ) ''El Comercio'' (Lima, Peru). March 12, 2008.〕 There was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the colonial period; however, most such emigrants repatriated to Japan after the end of World War II in Asia. According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad, there are about 2.5 million nikkei living in their adopted countries. The largest of these foreign communities are in Brazil, the United States, Peru and the Philippines. Descendants of emigrants from the Meiji Era still hold recognizable communities in those countries, forming separate ethnic groups from Japanese peoples in Japan. == Terminology == Nikkei is derived from the term in Japanese,〔 used to refer to Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and their descendants. Emigration refers to permanent settlers, excluding transient Japanese abroad. These groups were historically differentiated by the terms ''issei'' (first-generation ''nikkeijin''), ''nisei'' (second-generation ''nikkeijin''), ''sansei'' (third-generation ''nikkeijin''), and ''yonsei'' (fourth-generation ''nikkeijin''). The term Nikkeijin may or may not apply to those Japanese who still hold Japanese citizenship. Usages of the term may depend on perspective. For example, the Japanese government defines them according to (foreign) citizenship and the ability to provide proof of Japanese lineage up to the third generation - legally the fourth generation has no legal standing in Japan that is any different from another "foreigner." On the other hand, in the U.S. or other places where Nikkeijin have developed their own communities and identities, first-generation Japanese immigrants tend to be included; citizenship is less relevant and a commitment to the local community becomes more important. Discover Nikkei, a project of the Japanese American National Museum, defined nikkei as follows: The definition was derived from The International Nikkei Research Project, a three-year collaborative project involving more than 100 scholars from 10 countries and 14 participating institutions.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Japanese diaspora」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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